The Northeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (NEAFWA) has identified several native bee species that are of regional conservation concern in the Northeast.
Now we have an opportunity to help.
Many of these bees are specialists—they visit only one or a handful of plant species for pollen. If we know which plants they depend on and when those plants bloom, we have a much better chance of finding and documenting these remarkable insects.
Will you help?
As you spend time outdoors this season, whether in your own yard, along a trail, at a conservation area, or beside a wetland, keep an eye on the flowering plants listed below. When you find one in bloom, take a few minutes to watch for visiting bees.
If you photograph one of the target bee species—or even an unfamiliar bee visiting one of these plants—please upload your observations to iNaturalist. Every quality observation helps researchers better understand where these bees occur, when they are active, and which habitats continue to support them.
You don't have to be an expert. The beauty of iNaturalist is that observations are reviewed by a community of naturalists and specialists who can often help identify both the bee and the plant.
Fun - Geocaching rare bees.
Like geocaching, this is an activity that can take you to amazing and beautiful places. In this case, the cache is the food/host plants that support bees of regional concern. The treasures are the rare bee species. All around Vermont, you can search for first the plants, then the bees, and record the coordinates of the plant and the bee. Or use others' plant coordinates to find the plants and bees. See protocol further below.
What to Watch For
Many of the bees of regional concern are closely tied to specific native plants, including:
- Willows (Salix)
- Bellworts (Uvularia)
- Lupines (Lupinus)
- Beardtongues (Penstemon)
- Flowering Raspberry (Rubus odoratus)
- Dogwoods (Cornus)
- Holly (Ilex)
- Maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina)
- Yellow Wild Indigo (Baptisia tinctoria)
- Loosestrifes (Lysimachia)
- Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata)
- Bee Balm (Monarda)
- Blueberries and Cranberries (Vaccinium)
- Goldenrods (Solidago)
- Native Asters (Symphyotrichum)
A complete list of the target bees, their preferred food plants, bloom times, habitats, and flight seasons is included below. Also the threats that endanger them.
Food/Host Plants that support Bees of Regional Concern
Plant Species | Plant Common Name | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | Bee species | Flight season |
Pussy Willow | 3 | 4 | 5 | Spring | |||||||
Black willow | 3 | 4 | 5 | Spring | |||||||
Wild or Virginia Strawberry | 4 | 5 | March-June | ||||||||
Heart-leaved Willow or Woolly-headed Willow | 4 | 5 | Spring | ||||||||
Crack Willow | 4 | 5 | Spring | ||||||||
Common weeping willow hybrid | 4 | 5 | May | ||||||||
Meadow Willow | 4 | 5 | Spring | ||||||||
White Goldenrod or Silverrod | 4 | 5 | August-October | ||||||||
Sessile-leaved bellwort or wild oats | 4 | 5 | Spring | ||||||||
Round-leaved yellow violet | 4 | 5 | March-June | ||||||||
Philadelphia fleabane | 4 | 5 | 6 | Late summer to fall | |||||||
Woodland strawberry | 4 | 5 | 6 | March-June | |||||||
Azure bluets or Quaker ladies | 4 | 5 | 6 | May-August | |||||||
Smooth yellow violet | 4 | 5 | 6 | March-June | |||||||
Labrador violet | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | March-June | ||||||
Pin Cherry or Fire Cherry | 5 | March-June | |||||||||
Northern Highbush Blueberry | 5 | March-May | |||||||||
Pagoda dogwood or alternate-leaf dogwood | 5 | 6 | May-July | ||||||||
Red-osier Dogwood | 5 | 6 | May-July | ||||||||
Robin's Plantain | 5 | 6 | Late summer to fall | ||||||||
Starflower | 5 | 6 | May-August | ||||||||
Chokecherry | 5 | 6 | March-June | ||||||||
Black raspberry | 5 | 6 | June-August | ||||||||
Dwarf red blackberry or dwarf raspberry | 5 | 6 | March-June | ||||||||
Large-flowered Bellwort or Merrybells | 5 | 6 | Spring | ||||||||
Velvet-leaf blueberry or sour-top blueberry | 5 | 6 | March-May | ||||||||
Long-spurred violet | 5 | 6 | March-June | ||||||||
False Indigo-Bush | 5 | 6 | 7 | June-August | |||||||
Bunchberry or creeping dogwood | 5 | 6 | 7 | May-July | |||||||
Gray Dogwood | 5 | 6 | 7 | May-July | |||||||
Wild geranium or spotted cranesbill | 5 | 6 | 7 | March-June | |||||||
Winterberry | 5 | 6 | 7 | April-July | |||||||
Bigleaf or Garden Lupin | 5 | 6 | 7 | March-May | |||||||
Tufted loosestrife | 5 | 6 | 7 | May-August | |||||||
Virginia Creeper | 5 | 6 | 7 | April-October | |||||||
Allegheny blackberry | 5 | 6 | 7 | June-August | |||||||
Red Clover | 5 | 6 | 7 | May-September | |||||||
American Cranberry | 5 | 6 | 7 | March-May | |||||||
Canada White Violet | 5 | 6 | 7 | March-June | |||||||
Tufted vetch, cow vetch, or bird vetch | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | March-June | ||||||
Herb-Robert or Stinky Bobpotted cranesbill | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | March-June | ||||
Maleberry or he-huckleberry | 6 | 7 | May-September | ||||||||
Boston Ivy | 6 | 7 | April-October | ||||||||
Swamp dewberry or bristly dewberry | 6 | 7 | June-August | ||||||||
Sandbar Willow | 6 | 7 | Spring | ||||||||
Small cranberry | 6 | 7 | March-May | ||||||||
Spreading Dogbane | 6 | 7 | 8 | May-August | |||||||
Hemp dogbane or Indian hemp | 6 | 7 | 8 | May-August | |||||||
Prairie or Rough Fleabane | 6 | 7 | 8 | Late summer to fall | |||||||
Creeping Jenny or Moneywort | 6 | 7 | 8 | June-September | |||||||
Whorled Yellow Loosestrife | 6 | 7 | 8 | June-July | |||||||
Swamp Candles or Swamp Yellow Loosestrife | 6 | 7 | 8 | June-September | |||||||
Purple-flowering raspberry | 6 | 7 | 8 | May-September | |||||||
Eastern Daisy Fleabane | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Late summer to fall | |||||
Fringed loosestrife | 7 | 8 | June-July | ||||||||
Bee Balm or Scarlet Bee Balm | 7 | 8 | July and August | ||||||||
Early Goldenrod | 7 | 8 | August-October | ||||||||
Beck's water-marigold | 7 | 8 | 9 | April-October | |||||||
Devil's Beggarticks or Common Beggarticks | 7 | 8 | 9 | April-October | |||||||
Chicory | 7 | 8 | 9 | July and August | |||||||
Pickerelweed | 7 | 8 | 9 | March-July | |||||||
Canadian horseweed or Canada fleabane | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Late summer to fall | ||||||
Fen grass of Parnassus | 8 | 9 | August-October | ||||||||
Tall goldenrod | 8 | 9 | August-September | ||||||||
Stout or squarrose goldenrod | 8 | 9 | August-October | ||||||||
Bog Goldenrod | 8 | 9 | July-September | ||||||||
Blue-stemmed or Wreath Goldenrod | 8 | 9 | 10 | August-October | |||||||
Canada Goldenrod | 8 | 9 | 10 | August-September | |||||||
Giant Goldenrod or Late Goldenrod | 8 | 9 | 10 | August-October | |||||||
Downy Goldenrod | 8 | 9 | 10 | August-October | |||||||
Wrinkle-leaf goldenrod or rough-stemmed goldenrod | 8 | 9 | 10 | August-October | |||||||
Blue Wood Aster or Heart-leaved Aster | 8 | 9 | 10 | Late summer to fall | |||||||
New England Aster | 8 | 9 | 10 | July-September | |||||||
Swamp Aster or Purplestem Aster | 8 | 9 | 10 | July-September |
Native bee species that are of regional concern in the Northeast
Sorted by bee species
Bee Species | Food/host plants | Habitat | Flight Season | Threats |
Andrena braccata | Solidago specialist (has been collected on other Asteraceae) | open deep sandy soils/dunes, meadows, pollinator plantings | August-October | Habitat loss from development, herbicides killing host plant |
Andrena nida | Salix (Willow) specialist | hardwood forest, wetlands, Wet areas with willow | Spring | Loss of host plant/draining of wetlands |
Andrena rehni | Specialist on Castanea; Castanea dentata (American chestnut) and C. pumila (chinquapin) | Forest edges and openings where chinquapin can bloom along with American chestnut backcross orchards and plantings | May-July | Loss of chestnuts from chestnut blight |
Andrena uvulariae | Bellwort (Uvularia) specialist, U. sessilifolia | Woodlands and forests with Uvularia populations (can be scattered), forest edges | Spring | invasive species |
Epeoloides pilosulus | Host species collect pollen and oils from native Lysimachia; Lactuca pulchella (DL) | This species is found in prairies, fields, and wetlands | June-July | Loss of habitat due to development, agriculture, invasive species and utility corridors |
Lasioglossum marinum | range of herbaceous plants; Bidens, Helianthus and Parthenocissus, Alternanthera floridana | Only in dunes and open sandy beaches adjacent to salt water including urban areas | April-October | Habitat loss, sea level rise |
Macropis ciliata | Collect oils from Lysimachia. Specialist on Lysimachia, but nectars on Apocynum, Houstonia, Hydrangea, Rhus glabra, Melilotus officinalis, Ceanothus americanus | Open area with loosestrife usually wetlands or shrubby areas | May-August | Loss of habitat (host plant) |
Macropis patellata | Lysimachia specialist (L. ciliata) | variety of wetland habitats with native Lysimachia | June-August | Loss of specialist host plant from development, climate change |
Melissodes apicatus | Pickerelweed specialist (Pontedaria cordata) | Extensive Pontedaria cordata beds in freshwater tidal areas | March-July | Loss of pickerelweed beds |
Melitta melittoides | Specialist on Lyonia (has only records for Lyonia ligustrina and not other species) | Scrub, transitional habitats, edges of wetlands where Lyonia occurs | May-September | Reduction of host plant |
Osmia felti | Ribes missouriense (DL), Rubus, Vaccinium angustifolium, Viola sagittata, Sericocarpus linifolius, (iNat) | Associated with sandy barrens | June-August | Habitat loss, Fire suppression, competition and pathogens from non-native bees |
Protandrena aestivalis | Late season Asteraceae; Asteraceae: Astereae: Chrysopsis (Nutt.) Elliott, Erigeron L., Solidago L., Symphyotrichum Nees | Likely associated with sandy open fields. Summer Miner Bee has been observed near managed grasslands and floodplain forest habitat types, but has also been observed in shrublands | Late summer to fall | |
Andrena canadensis | Aster and Solidago | Sandy areas | August-September | Habitat and host plant loss |
Andrena nigrae | Salix (willow) pollen specialist, might use other plants for nectar | old field, cropland, orchard, wetland, Wetlands and cultural landscapes with willow | May | Habitat/host plant loss |
Andrena parnassiae | Parnassia caroliniana, Parnassia glauca, other Parnassia? | conifer forest, mixed forest, hardwood forest, wetlands, bogs/fens, seeps | August-October | Habitat loss, hydrological alteration that disrupts wetlands, climate change, invasion by exotic plants, water pollution, pathogens, insecticides, herbicides, off-road vehicles, mowing of roadside host plants |
Andrena persimulata | Dogwood specialist, also collected on Viburnum, subgenus Swida | Wet Meadow/Shrub Swamp, forest, open habitat | May-July | Habitat loss and degradation, invasive plants and pathogens, pesticides, climate change |
Anthophora walshii | yellow wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria), orange milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa) and goldenrods (Solidago spp.), and more | open coastal habitats on sandy soil where yellow wild indigo (Baptisia tinctoria) is relatively abundant. Habitats include sandplain grasslands and similar anthropogenic habitats such as utility rights-of-way and fire breaks. | July-September | habitat loss, fire suppression, introduced pathogens, aerial insecticide spraying, non-target herbicide application, excessive deer browse of host plants, and off-road vehicles |
Colletes banksi | Ilex (holly) specialist | areas of shrubby Ilex; sandy or wetland | April-July | Loss of host plant; rare species and much is unknown |
Colletes solidaginis | Solidago (goldenrod) specialist | Open landscapes containing Solidago populations, possibly restricted to sandy areas, coastal areas | July-September | Habitat and host plant loss |
Dianthidium simile | Symphyotrichum, Solidago | Sandy areas, lakeshores, coastal | July-September | Habitat and host plant loss |
Dufourea monardae | Monarda (bee balm) specialist; sometimes others, M. fistulosa, Cichorium intybus, Amorpha canescens, Nepeta cataria, Fagopyrum esculentum | Shrublands, Wet Meadow/Shrub Swamp, Mixed Northern Hardwoods, Floodplain Forest/Freshwater Marsh, Old Field/Managed Grasslands | July and August | Loss of host plant, habitat loss and degradation, invasive plants, pathogens, pesticides, climate change |
Epeolus canadensis | Rudbeckia hirta (DL) | Forest edges, meadows, disturbed sandy areas | Summer | unknown, but regionally rare |
Habropoda laboriosa | Cercis L., Lupinus L., Vaccinium L. | deep well-drained sandy soils where Vaccinium blooms | March-May | Habitat loss, reduction in blueberries from forestry production |
Hylaeus saniculae | Generalist: Aralia hispida, Amorpha fruticosa, Cicuta maculata, Crataegus crus-galli, Cryptotaenia canadensis, Eulophus americanus, Heracleum lanatum, Polygonum scandens, Sanicula canadensis, Sanicula marilandica, Taenldia integerrima and Thaspium trifoliatum (DL) | open areas | June-August | Unknown but the species is very rare |
Lasioglossum georgeickworti | Baptisia, Lindernia, not totally clear | Coastal beach, maritime dune and grassland, some interior sand | all seasons | Erosion of coastal dunes. |
Macropis nuda | Lysimachia ciliata specialist; also other Lysimachia Apocynum, Lactuca pulchella | Intact wetland habitat where native loosestrifes occur is critical foraging habitat for this species. M. nuda is known from prairie fens, wet-mesic prairies, ephemeral wetlands, ditches, and along waterways | June-September | Climate change, land use change, invasive plant species, pesticides |
Melitta americana | Vaccinium specialist | Cranberry bogs and other boggy habitats; nests in sandy/loose soils, sandhill | April-July | Important pollinators of cranberry/blueberry so vulnerable to pesticides |
Nomada electa | Host is Solidago specialist | Same as Andrena braccata, potentially deep sandy soils | August-October | Threats to host species |
Osmia lignaria | Wide range of herbaceous and woody plants; Cercis, Fragaria, Geranium, Lupinus, Malus, Prunus, Rubus, Salix, Vicia and Viola (DL) | This species is found in many habitat types, including orchards and gardens, is a generalist floral visitor. Woodlands, edges, gardens, and nearby open areas | March-June | Pesticides, fungicides, pathogens, climate change, introduced species |
Osmia proxima | Round-leaf orchid (Galearis rotundifolia) and Houstonia, Pentstemon, Rubus and Trifolium. | unknown? Mixed forest? | May-September | |
Perdita novaeangliae | Lyonia | Brushy areas with Lyonia shrubs, wet areas | Early summer | Loss of host plant |
Ptilothrix bombiformis | Hibiscus specialist; also morning glory (Ipomoea) | Freshwater wetland edges with native Hibiscus growing as well as plantings of Hibiscus species in suburban and urban areas | June-August | Altering hydrology and wetland forage plants |
Why It Matters
Native bees are among the most important pollinators in our ecosystems, yet many species remain poorly understood. Some have become uncommon because their preferred habitats have disappeared. Others rely on a single genus of flowering plant that is itself becoming less common.
By documenting bees on their host plants, we can help answer important questions:
- Which bee species are still present?
- When are they active?
- Which plants are they using?
- Where do healthy populations still exist?
- Which habitats deserve additional protection?
These observations contribute to a growing body of biodiversity knowledge that can inform conservation decisions throughout the Northeast.
How You Can Participate
- Find one of the target plants while it is blooming.
- Watch the flowers carefully—many specialist bees are tiny and easy to overlook.
- Photograph any bees you observe from several angles if possible.
- Upload your observations to iNaturalist.
- Share this project with fellow gardeners, hikers, birders, photographers, botanists, and naturalists.
Together, we can build a clearer picture of the Northeast's native bee fauna while enjoying one of nature's most fascinating groups of insects.
Every observation counts. Every photograph has the potential to document something important. And perhaps your next visit to a patch of wildflowers will reveal a bee that few people have ever noticed.
Happy "inverting!" *Inverting is the joy of observing invertebrates - it is the new birding!
— Bernie Paquette
Vermont Entomology Academy
The 10-Minute Native Bee Survey Protocol*
To make everyone's observations comparable, I encourage volunteers to use the same survey method whenever possible. A standardized approach helps us better understand where these bees occur, when they are active, and which plants they rely on.
What You'll Need
- Camera or smartphone for photographs
- GPS-enabled phone (or GPS unit) to record survey coordinates
- Timer or phone
- Notebook (or note-taking app)
- Visiting known populations in your area
- Or check here for suggested site coordinates
- Learn to recognize the target plant before your visit.
- Review the bee species associated with that plant.
- Remember that you should photograph all bee visitors, even if they are not one of the target species.
- Between 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m.
- Air temperature between 50°F and 110°F
- Little or no cloud cover
- Light winds (less than about 10 mph)
- No rain
- Choose a flowering patch approximately 3–10 feet across.
- Larger patches generally attract more bee activity.
- A patch containing mostly one plant species is ideal.
- If another flowering species is mixed in, simply note it.
- Record the GPS coordinates of your survey plot.
- Start a timer.
- Observe the flowers continuously.
- Photograph every bee—or possible bee—that visits the flowers.
- If no insects visit during the first five minutes, move to another suitable patch and begin again.
- If you observe any flower visitors during the first five minutes, continue observing for another five minutes, for a total survey time of 10 minutes.
Upload Your Observations
- Date
- Start and end time
- Plant species
- GPS coordinates
- Location name
- Habitat (forest, meadow, roadside, wetland, garden, etc.)
- Weather conditions
- Approximate size of the flowering patch
Upload all suitable photographs of bees and other flower visitors to iNaturalist.
Finding a target bee is exciting—but observations of common bees, flies, wasps, butterflies, beetles, and even surveys where no bees are observed all contribute valuable information. Together, these standardized 10-minute surveys can help scientists better understand the distribution, habitat requirements, and conservation needs of native bees across the Northeast.
Thank you for contributing to this community science effort. Your curiosity and observations can make a real difference for native bee conservation.
Official NEAFWA protocol and forms
Protocol for taking photos
Materials:
● Camera or phone for taking photos
● GPS or phone for taking coordinates of your plots
● Timer or phone
● Note pad for writing down coordinates and other notes Protocol:
● You will need to locate one of the bee host plants in the correct blooming season. You can either find locations yourself using iNaturalist observations of the plant, or Christine can give you potential locations in your area.
○ The locations Christine has are based on habitat models for the bee species as well as the locations for the plant, so you may be more likely to find the bee there, but it’s your choice if you want to use locations you find yourself.
○ We recommend looking at the potential location coordinate on satellite imagery to see if it will be easily accessible, like on a road or trail. Also, be sure you are going to publicly accessible land or have permission to visit.
■ If you need help with this, just ask!
● Once you have your site selected we recommend going out during these conditions:
○ Between 50° F and 110° F
○ Minimal cloud cover
○ Low wind (<~10mph)
○ No precipitation
○ Good air quality (no smoke/haze mimicking clouds)
○ Between 9:00 am and 4:00 pm
■ You can use your judgement, bees can certainly be found during other conditions, but these are when you are most likely to find more
● Familiarize yourself with the plant beforehand, so you can easily find it. If you are having trouble identifying it, the Seek app is a great resource.
○ Also familiarize yourself with the associated bee species, just so you have an idea of what you are looking for. However, you should still take photos of as many flower visitors as possible, even if you don’t think they are the target.
● If you can’t find the host plant within a reasonable distance of the coordinate, you can move on and go to a different location.
● If you find the host plant and it is not blooming, you can move on to a different location. If you can note whether it seems like it has already bloomed or has yet to (ie, seeing buds) and you can come back at a later date.
● The patch of the blooming plant should be about 3-10 feet in one direction (length or width). If the patch is very small or only a few blooms, you can move on to a different site.
○ Ideally, the patch should be only of the one plant species, but if there is another species intermixed you can still sample, just note what the other species is.
● Select a patch of the plant that you can reasonably watch for bees. We recommend picking an area of the largest patch first if there are multiple patches. This is your plot. Note the coordinates of this point.
○ Picking a sunny area can also increase your chances of seeing bees!
● Start a timer for 5 minutes. Note the start time. During these 5 minutes, try your best to take photos of as many bees visiting the flowers as possible. If you aren’t sure if something is a bee or not, still take a photo of it.
○ If after 5 minutes, no insects visit the area you are watching, you can move on to a different area and start the 5 minutes again.
○ If during the 5 minutes you do see insects, even if you don’t get pictures of them, continue for another 5 minutes (total of 10 minutes)
● If there are more patches of the plant in the area you can repeat this process as many times as you like. Be sure to note the coordinates of each survey you do.
● Upload any suitable photos of insects to iNaturalist
● Email the iNaturalist links of observations of bees or suspected bees to christine.favorito@maryland.gov
○ No need to attach the individual photos
○ You can include multiple 10-minute surveys in the same email
○ In the body of the email, also provide for each survey:
Your name
Your state
The date
The plant species
The location (e.g. state park, local park, etc.)
The general habitat (forest, meadow, roadside or wetland)
Start time and end time of the survey
The coordinates
○ Please also attach the volunteer form
You can count travel and searching for the plant as volunteer hours
You can submit the volunteer form with hours even if you don’t have any photos to submit (aka you went out and didn’t find the plant or didn’t find any insects)
You can include the time for multiple surveys and dates on one volunteer form
● No need to email links or photos of other pollinators, but still feel free to put them on iNaturalist. Please also fill out the Volunteer form and return it to Christine, Pollinator Conservation Coordinator, Northeast Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
More reference material
Number of Vermont observations posted on iNaturalist as of 7/19/2026
Bee species
Flight season
Bernie
ALL
Spring
0
4
August-October
0
5
May
0
1
March-June
9
83
May-July
0
53
Spring
0
0
April-July
0
4
March-May
0
0
June-August
0
0
June-August
0
0
May-September
0
6
May-August
0
1
June-September
0
15
May-September
0
0
Late summer to fall
0
1
June-July
0
0
July and August
0
2
April-October
0
0
March-July
4
7
August-September
0
4
July-September
0
0
Plant | Common name | Bloom Time (VT) |
Amorpha canescens | Leadplant | June-Aug |
Apocynum | Dogbane or Indian hemp | Late June-Aug |
Asclepias tuberosa | Orange milkweed | Late June-Aug |
Asteraceae | Daisy Family | Varies widely; May–October |
Baptisia | Wild Indigo | Late May–June |
Baptisia tinctoria | Yellow wild indigo | June–July |
Bidens | Spanish Needles, Beggar-ticks | July–October |
C. pumila | Allegheny chinquapin, or dwarf chestnut | June |
Castanea dentata | American chestnut | Late June–July |
Ceanothus americanus | New Jersey Tea | Late June–July |
Cercis L | Redbuds | Late April–May |
Chrysopsis | Golden Asters | August–September |
Cichorium intybus | Chicory | July–September |
Erigeron L | Fleabane | May–July |
Fagopyrum esculentum | Buckwheat | July–August |
Galearis rotundifolia | Round-leaf orchid | Late May–June |
Helianthus | Sunflowers | July–September |
Hibiscus | Hibiscus | July–September |
Houstonia | Flowering Bluets | Late April–June |
Hydrangea | Hydrangea | July–September |
Ilex | Holly | May–June |
Lactuca pulchella | Showy Blue Lettuce | July–September |
Lindernia | Lindernia | July–September |
Lupinus L | Lupines | Late May–June |
Lyonia | Staggerbushes | May–June |
Lyonia ligustrina | Maleberry or he-huckleberry | June–July |
Lysimachia | Loosestrifes | June–August |
Lysimachia ciliata | Fringed loosestrife | July–August |
M. fistulosa | Wild Bergamot or Bee Balm | July–August |
Melilotus officinalis | Yellow sweet clover | June–September |
Monarda | Bee balm | July–August |
Nepeta cataria | Catnip | June–September |
Parnassia caroliniana | Carolina grass-of-Parnassus | August–September |
Parnassia glauca | Fen grass of Parnassus | August–September |
Parthenocissus | Virginia Creeper | Late May–June |
Pentstemon | Beardtongues | Late May–June |
Pontedaria cordata | Pickerelweed | July–September |
Rhus glabra | Smooth sumac | June–July |
Ribes missouriense | Missouri gooseberry or wild gooseberry | Late April–May |
Rubus | Brambles (blackberries, raspberries) | May–June |
Rudbeckia hirta | Black-eyed Susan | July–September |
Sericocarpus linifolius | Narrow-leaved white-topped-aster | August–September |
Solidago spp | Goldenrods | Late July–September |
Symphyotrichum | American Asters | August–October |
Symphyotrichum Nees | American Asters | August–October |
Trifolium | Clovers | May–September |
Uvularia, U. sessilifolia | Sessile Bellwort | May |
Vaccinium angustifolium | Lowbush blueberry | May–June |
Vaccinium L. | Blueberry, Cranberry, Bilberry, and Lingonberry. | April–June (species dependent) |
Viola sagittata | Arrowleaf violet or arrowhead violet | May–June |
Willow | Willow | April–May |
Plant | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sept | Oct |
Pussy Willow (Salix discolor) | ● | ● | |||||
Black Willow (Salix nigra) | ● | ● | |||||
Heart-leaved Willow (Salix eriocephala) | ● | ● | |||||
Crack Willow (Salix fragilis) | ● | ● | |||||
Weeping Willow (Salix pendulina) | ● | ● | |||||
Meadow Willow (Salix petiolaris) | ● | ● | |||||
Sessile Bellwort (Uvularia sessilifolia) | ● | ● | |||||
Philadelphia Fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Azure Bluets (Houstonia caerulea) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Smooth Yellow Violet (Viola eriocarpa) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Labrador Violet (Viola labradorica) | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
Northern Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) | ● | ||||||
Pagoda Dogwood (Cornus alternifolia) | ● | ● | |||||
Red-osier Dogwood (Cornus sericea) | ● | ● | |||||
Robin's Plantain (Erigeron pulchellus) | ● | ● | |||||
Starflower (Lysimachia borealis) | ● | ● | |||||
Black Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis) | ● | ● | |||||
Dwarf Red Blackberry (Rubus pubescens) | ● | ● | |||||
Large-flowered Bellwort (Uvularia grandiflora) | ● | ● | |||||
Velvet-leaf Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides) | ● | ● | |||||
Long-spurred Violet (Viola rostrata) | ● | ● | |||||
False Indigo-bush (Amorpha fruticosa) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Bunchberry (Cornus canadensis) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Gray Dogwood (Cornus racemosa) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Wild Geranium (Geranium maculatum) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Winterberry (Ilex verticillata) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Bigleaf Lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Tufted Loosestrife (Lysimachia thyrsiflora) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Allegheny Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Red Clover (Trifolium pratense) | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
American Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Canada White Violet (Viola canadensis) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca) | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
Maleberry (Lyonia ligustrina) | ● | ● | |||||
Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) | ● | ● | |||||
Swamp Dewberry (Rubus hispidus) | ● | ● | |||||
Sandbar Willow (Salix interior) | ● | ● | |||||
Small Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) | ● | ● | |||||
Spreading Dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Hemp Dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Prairie Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus) | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
Creeping Jenny (Lysimachia nummularia) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Whorled Yellow Loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Swamp Candles (Lysimachia terrestris) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Purple-flowering Raspberry (Rubus odoratus) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Eastern Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron annuus) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ||
Fringed Loosestrife (Lysimachia ciliata) | ● | ● | |||||
Bee Balm (Monarda didyma) | ● | ● | |||||
Wild Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) | ● | ● | |||||
Early Goldenrod (Solidago juncea) | ● | ● | |||||
Beck's Water-marigold (Bidens beckii) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Devil's Beggarticks (Bidens frondosa) | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
Chicory (Cichorium intybus) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Canada Fleabane (Erigeron canadensis) | ● | ● | ● | ● | |||
Fen Grass-of-Parnassus (Parnassia glauca) | ● | ● | |||||
White Goldenrod (Solidago bicolor) | ● | ● | |||||
Stout Goldenrod (Solidago squarrosa) | ● | ● | |||||
Bog Goldenrod (Solidago uliginosa) | ● | ● | |||||
Blue-stemmed Goldenrod (Solidago caesia) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Canada Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Zigzag Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Giant Goldenrod (Solidago gigantea) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Downy Goldenrod (Solidago puberula) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Rough-stemmed Goldenrod (Solidago rugosa) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Blue Wood Aster (Symphyotrichum cordifolium) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Calico Aster (Symphyotrichum lateriflorum) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
New England Aster (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae) | ● | ● | ● | ||||
Swamp Aster (Symphyotrichum puniceum) | ● | ● | ● |
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